TEXT 2 Mapping the New WorldDuring the 1600’s and 1700’s, the colonization of the New World created a need for many new maps. The Spanish surveyed and mapped land under their control. In 1612, the English adventurer John Smith published a map of Virginia’s coastline. Smith also made the first English map of New England. During the early 1600’s, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain mapped the region from Maryland to the St. Lawrence River in Canada. Surveying was an important activity in the American Colonies. Surveyors Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson published a map of the region from Virginia to the great Lakes in 1761. In 1755, John Mitchel, a Virginia colonist, published his Map of the British and French Dominions in America. A copy of this map was used to mark the boundaries of the United States of America after the Revolutionary War ended in 1783. As the pioneers moved westward during the 1800’s explorers and army engineers mapped trails and surveyed government lands. The United States government eventually established two agencies with responsibility for detailed, large-scale mapping. The Survey of the Coast – now the National Ocean Survey – was founded in 1807. The U.S. Geological Survey was officially created in 1879. TEXT 3 The New Scotland yard, the most famous police unit in the world, is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. The police force in London was established in 1829 under an act of the British government. The police station and the office, whose task was to deal with the public, was located at the back of the Westminster area, where mostly government buildings were located. The police station faced a vacant plot of land, called Great Scotland Yard. According to one legend, the land was set aside to build a residence for the kings of Scotland, who frequently visited the city. However, such a house was never constructed. Another story says that the plot was owned by an Englishman, named Adam Scot, but little proof of this version exists. After the police force of London was founded, the building housed the police headquarters from September 29, 1829. The entire police division consisted of two commissioners, eight superintendents, 20 inspectors, 88 sergeants, and 895 constables. Together they represented a formidable force, and the 50-room building functioned as an administrative center that dealt with public inquires, correspondence, and recruitment. By 1887, the staffing of the police force had grown to about 13, 000, and it became evident that the accommodations had to be expanded. A new building on the Thames Embankment was erected in 1907 and another in 1940. With the advent of new technology, paramount in police detective work, chemical, electronic, and forensic laboratories experienced a serve shortage of space. The diversification of police duties led to inevitable growth in the number of the enlisted men and women. As an outcome, Scotland Yard leased a 20-story office complex on Victoria Street at Broadway. The ever-expanding headquarters were named New Scotland Yard. It is curious to note that the vast amount of office space for the Metropolitan Police Force does not have a police station, but includes a citizens’ information room.
I. Study the following words & word combinations from the text: headquarter, vacant plot, superintendent, formidable force, public inquiry, diversification, accommodation, forensic laboratory, lease, curious, information room, recruitment II. Answer the following tasks to the text: 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A) The work of the London police and the Scotland Yard. B) The internal organization of the Scotland Yard. C) The area of London where Scotland Yard is located. D) The name and location of the London police headquarters.
2. According to the passage, the building where the first police office A) got its name from the land lot on which it was built. B) was named after the owner to whom the land belonged. C) got its name from a facing parcel of land. D) got its name for several historical reasons. 3. The phrase “set aside” is closest in meaning to A) reserved B) seized C) sequestered D) sequestered 4. The word “formidable” is closest in meaning to A) formed B) formulated C) impressive D) impudent 5. It can be inferred from the passage that the Scotland Yard building in the late 1800s A) did not have room to accommodate the force. B) did not include an office for the public. C) housed the entire police administration. D) included police investigations.
6. The author of the passage implies that in the past several decades
A) the police has begun to employ female personnel as police officers. B) the type of tasks the police performs has grown dramatically. C) police tasks have been relegated to office personnel. D) performing police duties has required training in science
7. The word “inevitable” is closest in meaning to A) unmistakable B) undesirable C) unavoidable D) undisputed 8.How many buildings does Scotland Yard currently occupy?
A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four
TEXT 4
Charles Lindbergh was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1902 but was raised on a farm in Minnesota, where his father was elected to the U.S. Congress in 1907. From then on he spent his boyhood alternately in Washington, D.C., Detroit, and Little Falls, Minnesota. Because Lindbergh exhibited exceptional mechanical talent, in 1921 he was admitted to the University of Wisconsin to study engineering. However, the young man was seeking more challenging endeavors, and two years later he became a stunt pilot who performed feats at country fairs and public assemblies. This unusual and dangerous undertaking paid off handsomely in the sense that it allowed him to gain a diverse and well-rounded experience in aeronautics. he particularly delighted in what he called “wing-walking” and parachute jumping. After a year of training as a military cadet, Lindbergh completed his program at the Brooks and Kelly airfields at the top of his class and earned the rank of captain. Robertson Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis, Missouri, offered him employment as a mail pilot to run the routes between St. Louis and Chicago, and Lindbergh retained his position with the company until 1927. During this period, he set out to win the Raymond B.Orteig prize of $ 25 000 to be awarded to the first pilot to fly nonstop from New York to Paris. This ambition would irreversibly change his life and accord him a prominent place in the history of aviation. Embarking on the greatest adventure of his time, Lindbergh left Roosevelt Field at 7: 52 a.m. on May 20, 1927, and landed at Le Bourget Field at 5: 24 p.m. the next day. Fearing that he would be unknown when he arrived, Lindbergh carried letters of introduction to dignitaries in Paris, but when his plane came to a stop, he was overwhelmed by tremendous welcoming crowds. He was decorated in France, Great Britain, and Belgium, and President Coolidge sent a specially designated cruiser, the Memphis, to bring him back. His accomplishments in aeronautics brought him more medals and awards than had ever been received by any other person in private life.
I. Study the following words and word combinations: boyhood, alternately, endeavor, feat, assembly, handsomely, diverse, wing-walking, retain, irreversibly, prominent, dignitary, overwhelm, tremendous.
II. Answer the following tasks to the text: 1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A) A Benchmark Adventure in Aeronautics B) The Early Life of Charles Lindbergh C) Groundbreaking Events in Aviation D) Charles Lindbergh’s Explorations
2. According to the passage, Lindbergh did not complete his degree because he
A) opted for the life of an exhibition pilot B) pursued training in the military C) was seeking a sedentary life-style D) set out to win recognition
3. The word “assemblies” is closest in meaning to
A) hearings B) houses C) gatherings D) shows
4. The word “undertaking” refers to A) studying at the university B) exhibiting mechanical talent C) seeking challenging endeavors D)performing feats
5. The word “handsomely” is closest in meaning to
A) honorably B) handily C) well D) in time
6. It can be inferred from the passage that as a military cadet, Lindbergh
A) was in top form B) earned a good salary C) was the best among students D) trained with the best students
7. The author of the passage implies that Lindbergh’s job with Robertson Aircraft Corporation
A) required regular intercity flights B) was not intended as long-term employment C) required him to perform dangerous flights D) necessitated his running long distances
8. The word “irreversibly” is closest in meaning to
A) forever B) formerly C) irresistibly D) only
9. According to the passage, how old was Lindbergh when he carried out his challenging flight?
A) Twenty one B) Twenty three C) Twenty four D) Twenty five
10. A paragraph following the passage would most probably discuss
A) the development of commercial and military aviation B) the reaction of the government to Lindbergh’s flight C) the effect of instant celebrity on Lindbergh D) Lindbergh’s aircraft and engine modifications
TEXT 5
The Globe Theater, where most of Shakespeare’s plays were staged and performed, was located in London. Cuthbert and Richard Burbage built the theater in 1599 with materials left over from the construction of London’s first playhouse, the Theater. They constructed the Globe on the south side of the Thames River in the little town of Southwark and counted on making the theater a draw for the locals. Little is know about the architectural design of the theater except what can be deduced from maps and the layout of the plays presented there. It appears that the Globe was either round or polygonal on the outside but most likely round on the inside. In keeping with the contemporary imitations of Roman government buildings, its roof was most probably shaped as a crude dome. It can be further deduced that the structure was decorated with pediments, arches, columns, and ornate staircases with carvings of shells, feather, and cupids. The size of its audience is projected at as many as 3, 000; it was rebuilt on the same foundation a year later, but its external walls were curved at an angle different from that of the original. The theater was built hastily, and evidently safety was not a top priority for either the engineer or the company. After several nearly fatal accidents, the Globe was torn down for good in 1644.
I. Study the following words and word combinations: playhouse, count, except. deduce, layout, contemporary imitation, polygonal, crude dome, pediments, arches, ornate, staircase, carvings of shells, feathers, cupids, foundation, external walls, curve, angle, hastily, evidently, priority, fatal accidents, to tear.
II. Answer the following tasks to the text: 1. This passage most likely came from a longer work on
(A) English deductive trivia (B) English monumental constructions (C) the history of the English theater (D) notable English disasters
2. According to the passage, the Globe Theater was built
A) from available contemporary materials B) from materials remaining from another project C) on a foundation designed to meet a temporary need D) with ornaments intended to fool the spectators
3. The phrase “a draw” is closest in meaning to
A) an option B) an attraction C) a drawing D) a donation
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Globe’s exact architectural design
A) should be reconstituted B) should be obliterated C) cannot be determined D) cannot be disregarder
5. The word “imitations” is closest in meaning to
A) enumeration B) elimination C) elaborations D) emulation
6. The word “projected” is closest in meaning to
A) calculated B) confirmed C) embellished D) entrenched
TEXT 6
Even with his diverse experience as an elected official at the state level, Andrew Johnson was the only president of the United States ever to be impeached, primarily because of his violent temper and unyielding stubbornness. His career started in 1828 with his election to the city council of Greenville, Tennessee, and after two years as an alderman, he took office as mayor. His advancements followed in rapid succession when he was elected to the Tennessee state senate, then as the state governor, and later to the U.S. House of Representatives for five consecutive terms. In 1864, Johnson ran for the office of vice-president on the Lincoln-Johnson ticket and was inaugurated in 1865. After Lincoln’s assassination six weeks into his term, Johnson found himself president at a time when southern leaders were concerned about their forced alliance with the northern states and feared retaliation for their support of the secession. Instead, however, with the diplomatic skill he had learned from Lincoln, Johnson offered full pardon to almost all Confederates on the condition that they take an oath of allegiance. He further reorganized the former Confederate states and set up legislative elections. Congressional opposition to his peace-making policies resulted in gridlock between the House and Johnson, and the stalemate grew into to open conflict on the issue of the emancipation of slaves. While Johnson held the view that newly freed slaves lacked understanding and knowledge of civil liberties to vote intelligently, Congress overrode Johnson’s veto of the Civil Rights Bill, which awarded them citizenship and ratified the Fourteenth Amendment. In the years that followed, Congress passed bills depriving the president of the power to pardon political criminals, stripping away his status of commander-in-chief, and taking away Johnson’s right to dismiss civil and executive officers from their duties. Johnson vetoed each bill, and each veto was overridden. When Johnson dismissed the secretary of war, Edwin Stanton, Stanton refused to step down and was supported by the House of Representatives, which voted to impeach Johnson. At the trial, the Senate came one vote short of the two-thirds majority necessary to remove him from office. After Johnson’s term expired, he returned to his home state, but in 1875 he was elected senator and went back to Washington to take his seat.
I. Study the following words and word combinations from the text above: impeach, unyielding stubbornness, alderman, advancement, consecutive term, assassination, retaliation, secession, oath, allegiance, gridlock, stalemate, deprive, strip away, to dismiss, veto, to override, to step down, to preclude, stamina.
II. Answer the followings tasks to the text:
1. What does the passage mainly discuss? A) Andrew Johnson’s personal characteristics B) Andrew Johnson’s career as a politician C) Congressional decisions in the late 1800s D) Congressional decisions and procedures in the late 1800s
2. The phrase “took office” is closest in meaning to A) moved into an office B) became an official C) began a government job D) rearranged the office
3. What can be inferred from the first paragraph about Andrew Johnson’s work in Tennessee?
A) His personality precluded him from important positions. B) His work became known to the governor C) He was elected to several important posts D) He was represented to the posts five times
4. The word “alliance” is closest in meaning to A) union B) counsel C) allowance D) allotment
5. According to the passage, what led to Johnson’s downfall? A) The state of the nation’s economy B) His liberal position on slavery C) His personal characteristics D) His waffling and hesitation
6. The author of the passage implies that when Johnson became president he A) was a dedicated supporter of civil rights B) was a soft-spoken and careful diplomat C) had an extensive background in politics D) had already experience political turmoil
7. According to passage, at the beginning of Johnson’s terms at president southerners were A) expected to secede from the union B) apprehensive about their future C) singled out as scapegoats D) afraid of his violent temper
8. According to passage, Congress’s disapproval of Andrew Johnson’s policies was A) short-lived and groundless B) detrimental to his presidency C) directed at his civic duties D) stopped as soon as it emerged
9. The word “ pardon” is closest in meaning to A) parade B) patronize C) exonerate D) extricate
10. The author of the passage implies that the Stanton affair proved the president’s A) lack of stamina B) lack of electoral vote C) loss of willpower D) loss of authority
11. The word “dismissed” is closest in meaning to A) distanced B) fired C) disdained D) flounced
12. According to the passage, the attempt to impeach Andrew Johnson
A) succeeded as expected by the House B) failed by a minimal margin C) put an end to his political career D) overwhelmed his supporters in Tennessee
TEXT 7 Most forms of property are concrete and tangible, such as houses, cars, furniture, or anything else that is included in one’s possessions. Other forms of property can be intangible, and copyright deals with intangible forms of property. Copyright is a legal protection extended to authors of creative works, for example, books, magazine articles, maps, films, plays, television shows, software, paintings, photographs, music, choreography in dance, and all other forms of intellectual or artistic property. Although the purpose of artistic property is usually public use and enjoyment, copyright establishes the ownership of the creator. When a person buys a copyrighted magazine, it belongs to this individual as a tangible object. However, the authors of the magazine articles own the research and the writing that went into creating the articles. The right to make and sell or give away copies of books or articles belongs to the authors, publishers, or other individuals or organizations that hold the copyright. To copy an entire book or a part of it, permission must be received from the copyright owner, who will most likely expect to be paid. Copyright law distinguishes between different types of intellectual property. Music may be played by anyone after it is published. However, if it is performed for profit, the performers need to pay a fee, called a royalty. A similar principle applies to performances of songs and plays. On the other hand, names, ideas, and book titles are excepted. Ideas do not become copyrighted property until they are published in a book, a painting, or a musical work. Almost all artistic work created before the 20th century is not copyrighted because it was created before the copyright law was passed. The two common ways of infringing upon the copyright are plagiarism and piracy. Plagiarizing the work of another person means passing it off as one’s own. The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin plagiarus, which means “abductor”. Piracy may be an act of one person but, in many cases, it is joint effort of several people who reproduce copyrighted material and sell it for profit without playing royalties to the creator. Technological innovations have made piracy easy, and anyone can duplicate a motion picture on videotape, a computer program, or a book. Videocassette recorders can be used by practically anyone to copy movies and television programs, and copying software has become almost as easy as copying a book. Large companies zealously monitor their copyrights for slogans, advertisements, and brand names, protected by a trademark.
I. Study the following words and word combinations: tangible, possession, extend, legal protection, creative work, artistic property, enjoyment, ownership, copyright, royalty, apply, infringe, piracy, derive, abductor, profit, copying software.
II. Answer the following tasks to the text:
1.What does the passage mainly discuss?
A) Legal rights of property owners B) Legal ownership of creative work C) Examples of copyright piracy D) Copying creating work for profit
2. The word “extended” is closest in meaning to A) explicated B) exposed C) guaranteed D) granted
3.It can be inferred from the passage that copyright law is intended to protect
A) the user’s ability to enjoy an artistic work B) the creator’s ability to profit from the work C) paintings and photographs from theft D) computer software and videos from being copied
4. The word “principle” is closest in meaning to
A) crucial point B) cardinal role C) fundamental rule D) formidable force 5. Which of the following properties is NOT mentioned as protected by copyright? A) music and plays B) paintings and maps C) printed medium D) scientific discoveries 6.It can be inferred from the passage that it is legal if
A) two songs, written by two different composers, have the same melody B) two books, written by two different authors, have the same titles C) two drawings, created by two different artists, have the same images D) two plays, created by two different play wrights, have he same plot and characters 7. With which of the following wing statements is the author most likely to agree? their students. B) Plays written in the 16th century cannot be performed in theaters without permission. C) Singers can publicly sing only the songs for which they wrote the music and the lyrics. D) It is illegal to make photographs when sightseeing or traveling.
8. The phrase “infringing upon” is closest in meaning to
A) impinging upon B) inducting for C) violating D) abhorring
9. The purpose of copyright law is most comparable with the purpose of which of the following?
A) A law against theft B) A law against smoking C) A school policy D) A household rule
10. According to the passage, copyright law is
A) meticulously observed B) routinely ignored C) frequently debated D) zealously enforced 11. The word “practically” is closest in meaning to A) truthfully B) hardly C) clearly D) almost
TEXT 8
Collecting maps can be an enjoyable hobby for antiquarian booksellers, a captivating interest for cartographers, a lucrative vocation for astute dealers, and an inspirational part of the occupational functioning of map catalogers, archivists, and historians. Among recognized collectibles, maps are relatively rarer than stamps, but they have had their avid enthusiasts and admirers ever since copies were made by hand only for the affluent, the commanding officer, and the ship captain. Whether the interest is business-related or amateur, the economic means abundant or slim, a collection needs a theme, be it associated with contemporary changes in cartographic representation or geographic knowledge, or a more accessible goal centered on a particular mapmaker, technique, or type of subject matter. Collectors should not overlook topical maps issued predominantly or exclusively after World War II, such as navigational charts, industrial compound road layouts, or aerial projections. Potential collectors ought not to disregard two superficially prosaic, yet important themes: maps of travel routes for family trips, and maps that, for aesthetic reasons, they personally find intriguing or simply attractive. In the first case, like the box with old family photos, the collection will give the travelers the opportunity to reminisce and relive the journey. In most cases, photocopies are worthy alternatives to originals. For example, historical society collections customarily include the high quality facsimiles needed to make a collection as comprehensive and practical as possible, supplementing the contributions made by well-to-do donors and benefactors. If not predisposed to wait patiently, and possibly ineffectually, for a lucky find, collectors may choose to sift through dealer stock, peruse through advertisements in local, regional, or national periodicals, and solicit the assistance of the U.S. Library of Congress and private agencies. Government and public agencies, companies, and trade associations can advise the collector about maps currently in circulation and pending sales of dated reproductions, editions, and prints.
I. Study the following words & word combinations: antiquarian booksellers, lucrative, collectibles, contemporary changes, accessible, predominantly, layout, navigational chart, aerial, disregard, superficially, intriguing, reminisce, relive, customarily, supplementing, benefactor, predispose, to sift, pending.
II. Answer the following tasks to the text: 1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A) Why hobbyists always flaunt their map collections B) How maps can be collected by professionals and enthusiasts C) How to assure an interrupted flow of collectibles D) What cartographers advocate as a worthy undertaking
2. The word “lucrative” is closest in meaning to
A) instructive B) insensitive C) profitable D) profuse
3. According to the passage, map collecting as a hobby is
A) not deserving of the time and resources B) not as conventional as collecting stamps C) as eccentric as collecting dolls D) conformist in the best sense of the word
4. It can be inferred from the passage that, at a time when maps were accessible to the upper socioeconomic classes, they appealed also to a fair number of A) professional copiers B) ardent devotees C) buried-treasure hunters D) obscure amateur dealers
5. The phrase “economic means” is closest in meaning to
A) economic maps B) fiscal responsibility C) available funds D) capital investment
6. The author of the passage mentions all of the following as sources of procuring maps EXCEPT
A) fellow collectors B) map vendors C) personal archives D) publishers
7. The author uses the phrase “superficially prosaic” to mean
described in informal prose seemingly boring and unimaginative useful for travelers who enjoy a change potentially uncovered
8. The word “ predisposed” is closest in meaning to
A) pressured B) provoked C) condemned D) inclined
9. A paragraph following the passage would most likely discuss
A) specific organizations to contact about map acquisition B) specific mapping techniques used to enlarge the scale C) trimming and framing valuable acquisitions D) volunteering time and work to maintain obsolete maps.
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