Gravitation

Gravitation is a very important force in the universe. Every object has a gravitational pull which is like magnetism. But, unlike magnetism, gravitation is not only found in iron and steel. It is in every object, large or small; but large objects, such as Earth, have a stronger pull than small ones.

Isaac Newton, the great scientist of the seventeenth century, first studied gravitation. When he was a boy, he often saw how apples fell to the ground. He wondered why they fell towards the earth and why they did not fly up into the sky.

According to the law which he later produced everything in the universe attracts everything else towards itself. The sun attracts the earth and the earth attracts the sun. Although the bigger object has the stronger attraction, all objects, in fact, have some attraction, but we do not notice the gravitational pull of a book because the pull of the earth is much greater.

Why does the earth always move around the sun, and not fly off into cold space? The sun’s gravitation gives the answer. The earth always tries to move away in a straight line, but the sun always pulls it back. So it continues on its journey round and round the sun.

The sun is one of the stars in the galaxy, in which there are about 100,000 million stars. It is not in the middle of the galaxy, but rather near one edge.

Gravitation is the force which holds all the atoms of a star together. It holds the sun together and it holds the atoms of the earth together. It holds us on the earth.

Einstein produced a new law of gravitation. Its main results are the same as the results of Newton’s law; but in very small and fine matters Einstein’s law gives different results. One of these is that gravitation bends light a little; but according to Newton’s law gravitation has very little effect on light. Einstein showed this fact by means of mathematics and not by experiment. Astronomers later proved by experiments that Einstein was right.

 

IV вариант

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица ед. числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком мн. числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. The teacher hangs up tables and diagrams before a lecture.

2. During the course of study students carry out practical work in well-

equipped laboratories.

3. The sun’s heat reaches us across almost empty space in the form of rays.

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

 

1. The first television pictures, which appeared in 1939, were black-and-white.

2. The Russian scientist A.S. Popov worked much on the problem of radio

communication.

3. Electronic technology made it possible to set up automatic communication

systems.

 

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. The more experiments scientists make, the greater is their knowledge of the

structure of matter.

2. The dark side of Mercury is probably even colder than the farthest planet

Pluto.

3. The new hydroelectric station is much more powerful than the first

one.

 

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

 

1. Do you have any new magazines on cybernetics? – Yes, I have some.

2. The engineer touched upon some important problems at the scientific

conference.

3. I heard nothing about this discovery.

 

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

 

1. Some years ago scientists found a way of splitting atoms artificially.

2. Magnets have two poles, called the north and the south poles.

3. The current which comes to our houses, stores and offices and lights our

streets comes from generators.

4. Mathematics will have a wider application than it has now.

 

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные способы перевода оборота there + be.

 

1. There are different kinds of batteries widely used in modern radio

engineering.

2. There were all the necessary instruments in their workshop.

3. There will be many problems in the process of constructing this machine.

 

VII. а) Перепишите текст. Переведите его на русский язык.

б) Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1) Who is the inventor of the radio?

2) What day is the birth of the radio?

3) What did Popov’s invention lay the foundation for?

Notes to the text:

to make a contribution – внести вклад

to win recognition – получить признание

3. considered Marconi to be – считал, что Маркони является…