II. READING (30 points). a) Read the text and answer the questions given below (give full answers):a) Read the text and answer the questions given below (give full answers): PLASTICS Plastics can be classified by their chemical structure, namely the molecular units that make up the polymer's backbone and side chains. Some important groups in these classifications are the acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics. Plastics can also be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis; e.g., as condensation, polyaddition, cross-linking, etc. Other classifications are based on qualities that are relevant for manufacturing or product design. Examples of such classes are the thermoplastic and thermoset, elastomer, structural, biodegradable, electrically conductive, etc. Plastics can also be ranked by various physical properties, such as density, tensile strength, glass transition temperature, resistance to various chemical products, etc. Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships. They have already displaced many traditional materials, such as wood; stone; horn and bone; leather; paper; metal; glass; and ceramic, in most of their former uses. The use of plastics is constrained chiefly by their organic chemistry, which seriously limits their hardness, density, and their ability to resist heat, organic solvents, oxidation, and ionizing radiation. In particular, most plastics will melt or decompose when heated to a few hundred Celsius. While plastics can be made electrically conductive to some extent, they are still no match for metals like copper or aluminum. Plastics are still too expensive to replace wood, concrete and ceramic in bulky items like ordinary buildings, bridges, dams, pavement, railroad ties, etc.
1. What bulky items are still expensive to replace by plastics? 2. Why plastics have already displaced many traditional materials? 3. What group of plastics classifications is elastomer based on? 4. How can plastics be classified? 5. What seriously limits plastics hardness, density, and their ability to resist heat? 6. Are plastics still too expensive to replace wood, concrete and ceramic? 7. What metals are plastics still no match for? 8. What will happen to plastics when heated to a few hundred Celsius? 9. What group of plastics classifications are polyesters referred to? 10. What are the plastics physical properties? 20 points b) Translate these sentences from Russian into English: 1. Эластомеры имеют большое число поперечных связей между молекулами. 2. ПВХ – бесцветное твёрдое тело с выдающейся устойчивостью к воздействию воды, спиртов, концентрированных кислот и щелочей. 3. Пластмассы можно получать в виде в виде листов, тонких плёнок, волокон или гранул. 4. Полиэтилен – воскообразное вещество белого цвета с очень низкой плотностью и малой жёсткостью. 5. Полимерный матричный композит синтезирован таким образом, что все волокна выстроены в линию параллельно друг другу. 10 points Total Score – 50 points
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