Metaphor is a trope in which words denoting one object are transferred (or associated with) to others to indicate a resemblance between them.

Resemblance or similarity of:

a) Shape: Her eyes were two profound and menacing gunbarrels.

b) Function: He is a fox.

c) Position: It was the iron skeleton of the mill.

Verbs: Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, some few to be chewed and digested. /Bacon/.

Nouns: Hamlet knew that, potentially at least, he was a whole symphonyorchestra.

Adjectives: Sleepless nights; dying flowers; blue dream.

Structurally metaphors are simple or sustained (prolonged, extended):

“ I had a stable of promises and I believed those promises. I rode those promises, hard, once to a bad fall (Stephens).

The components of a metaphor;

Tenor;

Vehicle;

Tertium comparationis.

“ He bent his head and with a single hasty glance (tenor) seemed to dive into my eyes (vehicle).

Personification: ”the bare old elm trees wrung their many hands in the bleak wintry air …”

The metonymical group (metonymy, synecdoche) is based on contiguity (really existing relations) between 2 objects.

The relations are: causal, symbolic, spatial, instrumental, functional:

1) the relations of the container and … contained: “…село – все с ясносиними глазами. ”;

2) the relations of the instrument and the action: “ Give every man thy ear, and few thy voice.” /Shakespeare/.

3) Symbol and notions: