Системы образования в Англии, Америке. Их отличие от Российской системы. Грамматика: Порядок слов, Времена Indefinite & Continuous (Active & Passive)

 

Грамматика: Порядок слов, Времена Indefinite & Continuous (Active & Passive). Некоторые сочетания глаголов широкой семантики: have, be типа: have breakfast, have dinner – have a talk, have a smoke…артикль

 

Introductory Text.

Education

 

Every society has its own specific attitude toward past, present and future, and it is clearly reflected in the way the society prepares its young generation for adulthood.

In stagnant societies, the past creeps forward into the present and repeats itself in the future. In such a society, the most effective way to pre­pare a child was to transfer him the skills of the past, as a set of values he would need in the future.

Knowledge was transmitted not by specialists concentrated in schools but through the family, religious institutions, and apprenticeships.

The next age, the industrialism required a new kind of man. It demanded skills that neither family nor church could, by themselves, provide. That age constructed its own educational machine or the system of mass education – the system that, in its very structure, simulated this new world. This system did not appear instantly. Even today it has throwback elements from pre-industrial society. But the whole idea of assembling masses of students (like raw material) to be processed by teachers (workers) in a centrally located school (factory) was a work of in­dustrial genius.

The inner life of school thus became a perfect introduction to industrial society. The most criticised features of education today—lack of individualisation, the rigid systems of seating, grouping, grading and marking, the authoritarian role of the teacher are exactly those that made mass public education so effective for its place and time.

Young people passing through this educational machine entered an adult society whose structure of jobs, roles and institutions was the same as the school itself. For generations, we have simply assumed that the proper place for education is in a school.

However, if the new education is to simulate the society of tomorrow, should it take place in school at all? Many parents are much more capable of teaching certain subjects to their children than the teachers in the local schools.

With the move toward knowledge-based industry and the increase of leisure, we can expect a ten­dency for highly educated parents to pull their children at least partway out of the public education system, offering them home instruction instead.

This tendency will be strongly supported by achievement in computer-assisted education, electronic video recording, holography and other technical fields.

Discussion is often centred on the design of secondary and higher education programs that use "mentors"(instructors) drawn from various professional spheres. Such mentors would not only transmit skills, but would show how the information of textbooks is applied in life. Accountants, doctors, engi­neers, businessmen, builders and planners might all become part of an "outside faculty" in another dialectical swing, this time toward a new kind of apprenticeship.

 

Vocabulary:

attitude - отношение;

toward - к, по отношению к;

to reflect - отражать;

generation - поколение;

adulthood - взрослая жизнь;

stagnant - застойный;

to creep - ползти, красться, еле передвигаться;

forward - вперед;

to repeat oneself - повторяться;

to transfer - прививать, передавать;

skills - навыки, умения;

set of values - набор ценностей;

to transmit - передавать (в данном случае, знания);

through - через, посредством;

apprenticeship - ученичество;

to demand - требовать;

to provide - обеспечивать, предоставлять;

to simulate - походить, быть похожим (на что-то);

to appear - появляться;

instantly - мгновенно;

throwback - регресс, возврат к прошлому, атавизм;

to assemble - собирать;

raw - сырье, сырьевой;

to process - обрабатывать;

thus - таким образом;

feature - черта;

lack (of) - отсутствие, нехватка;

rigid - жесткий, строгий, непреклонный;

to grade - здесь: разбивать на классы;

to mark - оценивать, ставить отметки;

to enter - поступать(в вуз), входить(в помещение);

to assume - полагать, считать;

proper - соответственный, подходящий;

capable - способный;

increase - увеличение;

leisure - свободное время, досуг;

to pull out - вытаскивать, забирать;

partway - частично;

instead - взамен (чего-то);

to support - поддерживать (в том числе в финансовом отношении);

achievement - достижение;

mentor - наставник;

adult - взрослый;

to apply - применять;

accountant - бухгалтер;

outside - вне, за стенами; здесь: вне школы/вуза;

faculty - профессорско-преподавательский состав;

swing -взмах, сдвиг, изменение.

 

Comprehension check: answer the following questions.

1. How was knowledge transmitted in the past?

2. How does the system of mass education operate?

3. What are the most criticized features of education today?

4. Will teaching process take place only in schools in future?

5. What is discussion often centered on?