GrindersGrinders (шлифовальные станки) remove metal by a rotating abrasive wheel. The wheel is composed of many small grains of abrasive, bonded together, with each grain acting as a miniature cutting tool. The process gives very smooth and accurate finishes. Only a small amount of material is removed at each pass of the wheel, so grinding machines require fine wheel regulation. The pressure of the wheel against the workpiece is usually very light, so that grinding can be carried out on fragile materials that cannot be machined by other conventional devices. Vocabulary: milling machine — фрезерный станок series — серия, ряд cutting edge — режущий край, острие circumference — окружность to feed — подавать longitudinal — продольный horizontal — горизонтальный vertical — вертикальный versatile — универсальный flat — плоский contoured — контурный angle — угол slot — прорезь, паз gear teeth — зубья шестерни drill — дрель, сверло, сверлить hole — отверстие to enlarge — увеличивать thread — резьба portable — портативный unit — единица, целое, узел previously — ранее to slide — скользить stroke — ход lateral — боковой displacement — смещение straight — прямой idle — на холостом ходу workshop — цех, мастерская to mount — крепить holder — держатель to execute — выполнять simultaneous — одновременный multiple — многочисленный grinder — шлифовальный станок wheel — круг, колесо bonded — скрепленный to remove — удалять pass — проход fine — точный conventional — обычный device — устройство, прибор fragile — хрупкий General understanding: 1. What is the shape of a cutter in a milling machine? 2. What moves in a milling machine, a table or a cutter? 3. What possible movements has the table of a milling machine? 4. What kind of surfaces and shapes may be machined by a milling machine? 5. What can we use a drilling machine for? 6. What kinds of drilling machines exist? 7. What is rotated while boring, a cutter or a work-piece? 8. Describe the work of a shaper (planer). 9. What must be done to execute multiple simultaneous cuts on a planer? 10. What is the working tool in a grinder? 11. Can we obtain a very smooth surface after grinding and why? 12. Can we grind fragile materials and why? Exercise 4.3. Translate into English: 1. Токарный станок все еще остается самым важным станком. 2. Все современные токарные станки оборудованы электроприводами. 3. Движение инструмента контролируется с высокой точностью. 4. Электропривод позволяет обрабатывать заготовку на различных скоростях. Text D: «DIES» Dies are tools used for the shaping solid materials, especially those employed in the pressworking of cold metals. In presswork, dies are used in pairs. The smaller die, or punch, fits inside the larger die, called the matrix or, simply, the die. The metal to be formed, usually a sheet, is placed over the matrix on the press. The punch is mounted on the press and moves down by hydraulic or mechanical force. A number of different forms of dies are employed for different operations. The simplest are piercing dies (пробивной штамп), used for punching holes. Bending and folding dies are designed to make single or compound bends. A combination die is designed to perform more than one of the above operations in one stroke of the press. A progressive die permits successive forming operations with the same die. In coining, metal is forced to flow into two matching dies, each of which bears a engraved design. Wiredrawing Dies In the manufacture of wire, a drawplate (волочильная доска) is usually employed. This tool is a metal plate containing a number of holes, successively less in diameter and known as wire dies. A piece of metal is pulled through the largest die to make a coarse wire. This wire is then drawn through the smaller hole, and then the next, until the wire is reduced to the desired measurement. Wiredrawing dies are made from extremely hard materials, such as tungsten carbide or diamonds.
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