CONTENTSПередмова.................................................................... 10 Fundamentals................................................................ 13 1. Basic units of language and speech............................ 13 2. Word as a basic language unit. 3. The classification of words........................................ 20 4. The combinability of words....................................... 21 5. The notions of grammatical opposition 6. Part of speech as one of the main 7. Contrastive studies of languages................................ 30 8. Contrastive linguistics as a science and an academic discipline: its subject matter and tasks 34 9. Contrastive grammar as a part of contrastive 10. Methods of research, used in contrastive studies...... 41 11. The problem of the language-etalon 12. Parts of speech classification in English Discussion questions and exercise tasks......................... 52 Morphology Chapter 1. Noun as a part of speech 1. Noun as a part of speech: general characteristics....... 54 2. The category of number............................................. 59 3. The category of case.................................................. 64 4. The category of gender.............................................. 71 5. The category of the names of living beings Discussion questions and exercise tasks......................... 75 Chapter 2. Adjective as a part of speech 1. Adjective as a part of speech: general 2. Degrees of comparison of adjectives......................... 84 Discussion questions and exercise tasks......................... 89 Chapter 3. Numeral as a part of speech 1. Numeral as a part of speech: general characteristics... 94 2. Grammatical categories of numeral............................ 97 Discussion questions and exercise tasks....................... 100 Chapter 4. Pronoun as a part of speech 1. Pronoun as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of pronoun 103 2. Personal and possessive pronouns........................... 107 3. Reflexive and strengthening pronouns..................... 113 4. Demonstrative pronouns.......................................... 115 5. Interrogative and relative pronouns.......................... 116 6. Indefinite and negative pronouns............................. 118 7. Allomorphic classes of pronouns Discussion questions and exercise tasks....................... 123 Chapter 5. Verb as a part of speech 1. Verb as a part of speech: general characteristics...... 125 2. The category of person............................................ 132 3. The category of number and the category of gender 136 4. The category of aspect............................................. 138 5. The category of tense............................................... 143 5.1. The Present Tense............................................ 147 5.2. The Past Tense................................................. 149 5.3. The Future Tense. The tense form “Future-in-the-past” and sequence of tenses of the English language....................................................................... 150 6. The category of voice.............................................. 153 6.1. The passive voice............................................ 157 6.2. The reflexive voice.......................................... 159 7. The category of mood.............................................. 161 7.1. The Indicative and Imperative moods........... 162 7.2. The Conditional mood.................................. 164 Discussion questions and exercise tasks....................... 167 Chapter 6. Non-finite forms of the verb in English 1. Non-finite forms of the verb: general characteristics 175 2. Infinitive in English and Ukrainian languages.......... 177 3. The English participle versus Ukrainian 4. The English gerund.................................................. 190 Discussion questions and exercise tasks....................... 193 Chapter 7. Adverb as a part of speech 1. Adverb as a part of speech: general characteristics.. 197 2. Degrees of comparison of adverbs........................... 201 3. Words of the category of state (statives or adlinks).. 202 Discussion questions and exercise tasks....................... 205 Chapter 8. Functional parts of speech 1. Preposition as a part of speech 2. Conjunction as a part of speech in English 3. Particle as a part of speech in English 4. Modal words as a part of speech in English 5. Interjection as a part of speech in English 6. The English article.................................................... 220 Discussion questions and exercise tasks....................... 224 Syntax Chapter 9. Syntax: introduction into basic notions.... 232 1. Sentence as the basic unit of syntax......................... 232 2. The expression of syntactic relations....................... 235 3. The classification of sentences as to their structure.. 236 4. One-member sentences............................................ 237 Discussion questions and exercise tasks....................... 238 Chapter 10. The simple sentence. 1. The subject............................................................... 241 2. The predicate........................................................... 244 2.1. The simple predicate......................................... 244 2.2. The compound nominal predicate..................... 245 2.3. The compound verbal predicate........................ 246 3. The object................................................................ 247 3.1. The direct object............................................... 247 3.2. The indirect object............................................ 249 4. The attribute............................................................. 250 5. The adverbial modifier............................................. 251 6. Complex parts of the sentence................................. 253 Discussion questions and exercise tasks....................... 260 Chapter 11. The composite sentence. The compound sentence 266 1. The composite sentence........................................... 266 2. The compound sentence with conjunctions.............. 267 2.1. The copulative compound sentence.................. 267 2.2. The disjunctive compound sentence................. 270 2.3. The adversative compound sentence................ 270 2.4. The causative-consecutive compound sentences 272 2.5. Compound sentences with the meaning 3. Compound sentences with asyndetically Discussion questions and exercise tasks....................... 274 Chapter 12. The composite sentence. 1. The subject clause.................................................... 278 2. The predicative clause.............................................. 279 3. The objective clause................................................. 279 4. Attributive clauses.................................................... 280 5. Adverbial clauses..................................................... 281 5.1. Adverbial clauses of place................................ 281 5.2. Adverbial clauses of time................................. 282 5.3. Adverbial clauses of manner 5.4. Adverbial clauses of measure or degree........... 284 5.5. Adverbial clauses of purpose........................... 284 5.6. Adverbial clauses of cause............................... 284 5.7. Adverbial clauses of condition......................... 285 5.8. Adverbial clauses of concession....................... 286 5.9. Adverbial clauses of result............................... 286 Discussion questions and exercise tasks....................... 287 Conclusion................................................................... 291 References................................................................... 293 Further suggested readings......................................... 295
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