B) SPECIAL

We ask him   (He is asked)

what what texts how where when

he

1) will translate.   2) translates. 2) is translating.   3) has translated.   3) translated.

We asked him   (He was asked)

what what texts how where when

he

1) would translate. 2) translated. 2) was translating. 3) had already translated. 3) had translated

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

 

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

this that

these those

now then

here there

today that day

yesterday the day before

tomorrow the next day

the day before yesterday two days before

the day after tomorrow two days later

ago before

next the next, the following

last the previous, before

 

INFINITIVE

 

FORMS	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Indefinite	to write to come	to be written
Continuous	to be writing to be coming	-
Perfect	to have written to have come	to have been written
Perfect Continuous	to have been writing to have been coming	-

MODAL VERBS

C an – фізична, розумова здатність, можливість виконати дію, уміння.

M ay – дозвіл, припущення.

M ust - необхідність або обов’язок; припущення, що межує з упевненістю.

Should – порада, рекомендація.

To be to – обов’язок, що випливає з попередньої домовленості, графіку, плану, розкладу (тільки у Present та Past Indefinite).

To have to – необхідність, обов’язок, зумовлена обставинами.

 

 

Ствердження	Заперечення	Запитання
I, we, you, they, he, it, she	can do it.   must do it.   should do it.   may do it.	I, we you, they, he, it, she	cannot (can’t) do it. must not (mustn’t) or need not (needn’t) do it. should not (shouldn’t) do it. May not (mayn’t) do it.	Can Must Should May	I, we you, they, he, it, she	do it?

EQUIVALENTS OF MODAL VERBS

Tense	Must – to have to	Can – to be able to	May – to be allowed to
Present	must	have to has to	can	am is able to are	may	am is allowed to are
Past	-	had to	could	was were able to	might	was were allowed to
Future	-	will have to	-	will be able to	-	will be allowed to

 

WORDS HAVING SEVERAL FUNCTIONS

 

ONE

1. Числівник:

I will buy one of these books.

2. Неозначений займенник:

When one talks over the phone, don’t ask him questions.

3. Слово-замінник:

This flat is cheaper than that one.

IT

1. Особовий займенник:

I took the book and began to read it.

2. Формальний підмет у безособових реченнях:

It is windy today.

3. Формальний додаток:

He found it difficult to translate the text.

4. Вставне слово у реченнях з емфатичним зворотом:

It was he who helped me.

5. Вказівний займенник:

What is it? It is a lamp.