Dwell on the stylistic differentiation of the Englishand ukr. vocabulary.

The vocabulary of the English language consists of three main layers, literary, neutral, and colloquial.

Literary layer maybe subdivided into common literary words, terms, poetic words, archaic words, barbarism and foreign words, neologisms.

Within the colloquial vocabulary we distinguish: common colloquial words, slang jargons, professional words, dialectical words, vulgar words.

The neutral layer can be found both in the literary and colloquial vocabulary and has no stylistic colouring.

Common literary words have a neutral character: to begin, to eat, child, food, money, and prison.

Terms – are words denoting nations of special fields of knowledge. Ex: linguistics phoneme, amplitude, anode, electron pain, and antibiotic.

Generally terms are used in the language of science, but with some stylistic purpose they may be used in the language of emotive prose.

Terms are monosemantic and have no contextual meanings, but when they are used in other styles they may else to be a term and become an ordinary word. Take a) atomic valency, reader, b) atomic age, and atomic music.

Archaic words are those which are not used now, expect special purposes thee, thy, hath (has) makert (make), whay (no).

Archaic words stand to historic words: in many cases archaic words are used to create elevated (піднесений) style in poetry.

Barbarisms are words, which came into the English vocabulary from other languages and have retained their spelling in pronunciation. In many cases they have English synonyms chic (stylish), bon mot (a clever saying) adieu (good bye).

Another group of barbarisms are foreign words, easy to recognize through spelling: en blena (well) voila (there you are) c`est ca (that’s it) allez (come on). The stylistic function of barbarisms and foreign words is to create local colouring.

Neologism appears when there is the need to express new ideas and nations. They are produced in accordance with the existing word – building models of the English language.

These words are not registered in the vocabularies. When used in the written text they produce special stylistic effect to produce a humorous effect, to make distinct the additional meaning meliorism – do it yourself – do – it – yourself, leave me alone – leave – me – alone way they new dressed in Grey, blue, fawn, jacketed or jersey.

Professionalisms may not understand the jargons. Exam (examination), maths (mathematics), prof (profession), a big gun (an important person), a sewing machine (machine gun), an egg (an inexperienced aviator).

Professional words are the words used in certain spheres of human activity, mining industry: picks, (parts of mining device, tool) remote (a distant drift) sea: tin – fish (submarine) sparks (radior operator).

The function of the professionalisms are different: to characterize the speech of a person, to make the description more realistic and precise. Dialectical words are such words that are connected with a certain area on region. Ex: a lass (a girl or beloved) a lad (a boy or young man) daft (unsound, silly) all of them belong to Scottish dialect and: volk (folk, zee (see) – Southern dialect.

Vulgar words – are words marked by coarseness of speech or expression they or offensive, indecent.

The vocabulary of uk. language is stylistically various.

According to the sphere of usage we distinguish 2 groups of words: stylistically neutral vocabulary, stylistically marked vocabulary. The latter in its turn splits into bookish (scientific, official, newspaper-publicistic) and colloquial.

Stylistically neutral V.: words which are not fixed to some style. It can be used everywhere: in books or magazine, at the conference or meeting, in works of art or in a private letter. St. N.V. are created by words of any part of speech, except exclamations which are distinguished with stylistic colouring. Neutral words can name concrete objects (table, car, pencil), phenomena (rain, lightning, wind), abstract notions (attention, beauty, warmness, democracy), features of objects (red, warm, reliable, calm), action (to sell, to exhibit, to desire). Neutral words constitute the basis of uk. language’s V. They dominate in a text of any style.

Bookish V.: words which are used mostly in written types of literary language. Bookish words have a hue of officialdom, solemnity. Most of them belong to foreign V. or have borrowed stems: abstract, adherent, abnormal, equivalent, indifferent, incorporation, confidential. Bookish V. can be subdivided into scientific, business-official, newspaper-publicistic.

In lexical system of scientific style one singles out so-called general-scientific V used in any of scientific sphere: research, hypothesis, condition, interpretation, definition, function, quantity. The peculiarity of scientific style is also a presence of terms or combination of words which are used for precise denotation of special concepts.

Business-official V. prevails in official documents. The main groups of such V. are the names of official papers – statement, instruction, report, explanatory note, record of proceedings; nomenclature names (names of institutions, officials, ministry, Prosecutor-General). The examples of official words are also: properties, estimates, principal, claimant).

Newspaper-publicistic V: 1) social-political V – democracy, publicity, tolerance. 2) the words which have some solemnity, ponderability, inspiration, immortality, grandeur.

Colloquial V. is the third stylistic layer of ukr. V. These are the words which have lower (in comparison with neutral V.) stylistic colouring and are used in oral types of language – natural conversation, everyday communication. For example: chatterbox - базіка, heavy hammer - балда, disorder - гармидер, aslant - набакир, hateful - осоружний, tufts of hair - патли, hiding – прочухан. Colloquial words give the language unofficial sounding, so they are inadmissible for business-official and scientific styles however they can be used in publicism and fiction.