GRAMMAR REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT

 

Review the Grammar material «The Modal Verbs and their equivalents»

 

The Modal Verbs and their equivalents are used to express: order, necessity, obligation, an urgent command, prohibition, advisability; mental or physical ability; permission, necessity; an arrangement, agreement, part of a plan (see the first chart).

When the Modal Verbs and their equivalents express these notions, the main patterns of them are those presented in the sentences below. Study the patterns. Make sure you are familiar with all of them and you know how to translate the sentences from English into Russian.

must	order, necessity, obligation, an urgent command, prohibition
to have to	necessity / obligation (arising out of circumstances)
to be to	an arrangement, agreement, part of a plan, something thought of as unavoidable
can/could to be able to	ability (mental / physical), capability, possibility
may/might to be allowed to	permission
should ought to	order, necessity, obligation, an urgent command, prohibition, advisability
needn’t	absence of necessity

To succeed in life, even in purely material terms, people must work together.

Each year the new car models have to be sufficiently different from the ones

You haven’t finished the report yet. So you will have to do it tomorrow.

After that Adam Smith took up another subject which he was later to proclaim to the world.

The City can be called the financial heart of the world.

In those old times, moneylenders could not charge interest.

An early as 1913, Ford's company was able to produce an astonishing 1,000 Model Ts per day.

May I join your company?

He saidshe might use his dictionary.

The firm will be allowed to take part in the competition.

You should (ought to) be more careful at work.

He needn’t be in such a hurry. It is 5 o'clock and the meeting will only start at 6.